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Scientific Information Retrieval

Examples of referencing using APA 7 style (CC BY 4.0 Oulu University Library)

When you cite a book, the reference list should include the following bibliographic information:

  • Name of author or editor
    • editor's name is followed by (ed.) or corresponding abbreviation
    • organizational authors' names are given in the same form as they appear in the publication, with the main organization listed first and the suborganization after that
    • if there is no personal or organizational author, the reference starts with the title of the publication
  • Year of publication. When no year of publication is indicated, use the copyright year or (n.d.), meaning "no date".
  • Title of the publication in italics
  • Edition information is always included, when the publication is other than first edition
    • in the form it appears in the publication
  • Publication series, if the publication has been published in a series, e.g. Peltola, M., Keskitalo, P., Äärelä, R., & Aikio, A. (2019). Saamelainen varhaiskasvatus nyt: Arvot, käytänteet ja osallisuus arjessa. (Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. F, Scripta academica nro 13). Oulun yliopisto.
  • Publisher
  • Doi-address for ebooks if it exists.

Bennett, D. (2005). The art of precast concrete: Colour, texture, expression. Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7668-6
Ympäristöministeriö. (2016). Eläköön lähiö! : 22 reseptiä lähiöelämään. Ympäristöministeriö.

Author, A. A. (2020). Title of work. Publisher.
Author, A. A. (2020). Title of work. Publisher. http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (2020). Title of work. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (2020). Title of work. Publisher.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2017). Title of article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp. 1–111). Publisher.

Merchant, G. (2017). Hands, Fingers and iPads. In C. Burnett, G. Merchant, A. Simpson & M. Walsh (Eds.), The Case of the iPad: Mobile literacies in education (s. 245–256). Springer.

Merchant, G. = author
(2017) = publication year
Hands, Fingers and iPads = article title
C. Burnett, G. Merchant, A. Simpson & M. Walsh = editors
The Case of the iPad: Mobile literacies in education = book title in cursive 
(s. 245–256) = article pages
Springer = publisher

There is slight variation in the way articles in journals and edited books are entered.

  • Names of authors (no more than 20 authors, if more: the first 19 authors, . . . , the final author)
  • Year of publication
  • Publications in print are followed by the text "(in print)" or "(in press)", manuscripts by "(manuscript)"
  • Article title 
  • Information about the journal or publication in which the article has been published in italics, also comma and volume number.
    • in the case of an article in a book, include the word "In" before the title of the book
  • For periodicals, include volume and issue number
  • Pages on which the article appears

Journal article

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24(2), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

21 or more authors

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

Journal article without DOI

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. Sensoria: A Journal of Mind, Brain & Culture, 2(2), 38–48. Retrieved from ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal 8(1), 73–82.

Woods, R. K. (in press). Technique for myocardial protection in pulmonary atresia intact ventricular septum. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript [Manuscript in preparation].

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript [Manuscript submitted for publication].

Merchant, G. (2017). Hands, Fingers and iPads. In C. Burnett, G. Merchant, A. Simpson, & M. Walsh (Eds.), The Case of the iPad: Mobile literacies in education (pp. 245–256). Springer.

Include author, time of publication, title and publication channel. 

Published dissertations and theses

  • Huczkowski, S. (2024) Kognitiiviset vinoumat palvelumuotoilun päätöksenteossa. [thesis, University of Lapland.]. LAUDA Lapin yliopiston julkaisuarkisto. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2024081264488
  • Pekola, S. (2024). Rajaton raja: Oikeushistoriallinen tutkimus Tornionlaakson rajasta vuodesta 1809 nykyaikaan. (Acta electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis, 379) [dissertation, University of Lapland]. LAUDA Lapin yliopiston julkaisuarkisto. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-337-422-5

Unpublished dissertations and theses

Author, A. A. (year). Title [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/Unpublished master's thesis]. Name of Institution.

In text

When citing an act, use its official abbreviation (you have to specify the act when it appears for the first time in your text), chapter, section and subsection. Example (KPL 3:9.2 §)

You can check the correct spelling of abbreviations of acts and decrees in the Finlex and Edilex databases, or in the printed books Suomen Laki or Suomen säädöskokoelma. For example on https://www.edilex.fi/#toolbar=tab-abbreviations

In reference list

Kirjanpitolaki 30.12.1997/1336.

Conference presentations are often published in books or periodicals. If there are no conference proceedings, include the authors, full dates of the conference, the title of the presentation [describe the presentation in square brackets after the title] followed by the name and place of the conference (instructions).

Conference proceeding:

Fahrenberg, U., Jipsen, P., & Winter, M. (Eds.). (2020). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 12062. Relational and Algebraic Methods in Computer Science: 18th International Conference, RAMiCS 2020, Palaiseau, France, April 8–11, 2020, Proceedings. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21070-9

As a book chapter:

Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan, H. (2007). A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. In J. Blanc-Talon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, & P. Scheunders (Eds.), Lecture notes in Computer Science: Vol 4678. Advanced concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems (s. 97–108). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74607-2_9

In a journal:

Rönkkö, T., Kuuluvainen, H., Karjalainen, P., Keskinen, J., Saukko, E., Järvinen, A., Silvennoinen, H., Rostedt, A., Olin, M., Yli-Ojanperä, J., Dal Maso, M., Hillamo, R., Timonen, H. J., Saarikoski, S., Niemi, J. V., Kousa, A., Pirjola, L., & Nousiainen, P. (2017). Traffic is a major source of atmospheric nanocluster aerosol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(29), 7549–7554. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700830114

Conference presentation:

Viitanen, K., & Reiman, T. (26–29 June 2017). Building an adaptive safety culture in a nuclear construction project - insights to safety practitioners [Conference presentation]. 7th Resilience Engineering International Symposium, Liège, Belgium. http://www.resilience-engineering-association.org/resources/symposium-papers/2017-liege-luik-b/

When you cite electronic sources, you must indicate how to access them. You may leave links active.

  • Use a permanent link if possible, for example DOI, URN, Handle or so-called permalink. Create a link from a DOI as follows: https://doi.org/[DOI identifier.] Use the Crossref service to find out the DOI of a publication.
  • Reference to a source in an online archive, for example Internet Archive or Memento, either an existing one or one uploaded by you.
  • URL address

Aivelo, T. (2020, April 20). Koronavirus leviää superherkästi [Blog post]. Kaiken takana on loinen. https://www.tiede.fi/blogit/kaiken-takana-loinen/koronavirus-superleviaa-herkasti
Hakala, J. (2017). E-viittaamisen ihanuus ja kurjuus. Informaatiotutkimus, 36(2), pp. 77–85. https://doi.org/10.23978/inf.65190

Bank of Finland. (n.d.). Exchange rates. Retrieved April 27, 2021 from  https://www.suomenpankki.fi/en/Statistics/exchange-rates/ 

  • when pages change over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

 

References

Aliev, M. R., & Watson, J. (1985). Higher-order effects in the vibration-rotation spectra of semirigid molecules. In K. N. Rao (Ed.), Molecular spectroscopy: Modern research (pp. 1–67). Orlando: Academic Press.

HART Communication Foundation. (2009, December 22). Wireless hart. Retrieved from http://www.hartcomm.org/

McDuff, C., Smith, J., Kensington, K., Jones, S., Coughlan, S., Bortolin, L., Witte, M., Scott, A., Newport, A., Jensen, K., Wutzler, J., van Staden, I., McLean, J., Bergsma, G., Dowman, B., Petrie, K., Higgens, D., McCloud, R., Jessop, L., . . . Duncan, P. (2017). An introduction to quantitative analysis in finance. Houghton.

Mitra, S. K. (1991). Some unconventional signal processing applications of multirate techniques. Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems 1, 13–16.

Paulson, M. (1992). Basement membrane proteins: Structure, assembly, and cellular interactions. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 27(1–2), 93–127. https://doi.org/10.3109/10409239209082560

Paulsson, M., Saladin, K., & Landwehr, R. (1988). Binding of Ca2+ influences susceptibility of laminin to proteolytic digestion and interactions between domain-specific laminin fragments. European Journal of Biochemistry, 177(3), 477–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14396.x

Royal Mardsen Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team. (1977). Failure of syngeneic bone-marrow graft without preconditioning in post-hepatitis marrow aplasia. Lancet, 310(8041), 742–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)90241-0

Watson, M. A. J. (1985). Higher-order effects in the vibration-rotation spectra of semirigid molecules. Molecular Spectroscopy: Modern Research, 3, 1.

Zar, J. H. (1984). Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall.